The turnover on the credit of account 51 shows. Accounting registers: balance sheet

Every owner of a commercial enterprise is interested in making a profit. Marketing, employees, customers, suppliers become part of business processes. And now negotiations are underway, phones are ringing, faxes are being sent, money is coming in. Financial control is now required. The easiest way to see the picture of a business is to look at the balance sheet. To learn how to read the SALT, study the rules for filling it out using the sample below.

The economic life of a company consists of a sequence of actions that are recorded in a journal (book). The form of the journal is established by the enterprise independently (Part 5, Article 10 of the Federal Law of December 6, 2011 N 402-FZ). Each transaction is recorded by accounting entries using the chart of accounts (Order of the Ministry of Finance N94n dated October 31, 2000).

Entries are reflected in two accounts. The number on the left is debit (D), and on the right is credit (K). The “primary” items are entered into the journal: invoices, forms of completed work, receipts, invoices, and so on. The enterprise establishes the principles and procedure for recording transactions in its accounting policy (Parts 5, 6, Article 10 of Federal Law N 402-F3 06.11.2011).

What does the balance sheet show?

To analyze the economic life of a company, SALT for the current month is traditionally used. The balance sheet is formed by accounts in total terms and in terms of analytics regarding:

• nomenclature;
• financially responsible persons;
• clients;
• suppliers;
• employees;
• founders;
• other indicators.

The requirements of Part 4 of Article 10 of Federal Law No. 402-F3 06.11.2011 provide for the name of the enterprise, account number, period, dates of transactions, and the name of the employee who compiled it to be indicated in the SALT.

How to read the back page for a beginner

It’s not easy for a beginner to understand the balance sheet: to do this you need to know the basics of accounting

A correctly formed OCB for each account clearly shows that generalized and analytical indicators are connected and correspond to each other. OCB reflects the financial condition of the company at a particular moment. Management, with the help of OCB, checks the plan and the fact. Tax authorities use SALT during audits and tax monitoring (Clause 8 of the order of the Federal Tax Service of Russia 05/07/2015 N ММВ-7–15/184).

How to draw up the correct OCB + filling samples

A complete understanding of the types and rules for filling out the SALT is formed in practice. Even with accounting automation, it is useful to master the technique of posting entries to accounts and know the methods of calculating the final balance.

Let's look at the compilation of the OCB of Perspektiva LLC for January 2017. The company has no balances at the beginning of January 2017. The information will be taken from the journal.

The procedure for recording business transactions in the journal

The journal of transactions reflected the entries reflecting the fact of the formation of the authorized capital of the company at the expense of the funds of its founders.

Table: compilation of transactions for settlements with founders

date	Contents of a business transaction	Debit	Credit	Amount, rub.
09.01.17	The authorized capital was formed through the contribution of founder A	75 “Settlements with founders”	80 “Authorized capital”	5000
09.01.17	The authorized capital was formed through the contribution of founder B	75 “Settlements with founders”	80 “Authorized capital”	2000
09.01.17	The authorized capital was formed through the contribution of founder C	75 “Settlements with founders”	80 “Authorized capital”	3000
26.01.17	Contributed money by founder A	51 “Current accounts”	75 “Settlements with founders”	5000
26.01.17	Money contributed by founder B	51 “Current accounts”	75 “Settlements with founders”	2000
26.01.17	Money contributed by founder C	51 “Current accounts”	75 “Settlements with founders”	3000

What SALT should look like according to synthetic calculations

“Turnover” contains generalized amounts for a time interval. The total turnover for debit and credit is always the same. The debit and credit values ​​are equal in the opening and closing balances. The OSV of Perspektiva LLC according to the synthetic score of 75 is presented below.

Table: sample of filling out SALT for count 75

How OSV helps analyze the company’s activities

The balance sheet reflects detailed information regarding categories, amounts, names, names and other characteristics.

The debit turnover of the synthetic account consists of the debit turnover of the analytical accounts. And the credit turnover of the synthetic account is from the credit turnover of the analytical accounts. The balances on the analytical accounts constitute the balance of the synthetic account. The OSV of Perspektiva LLC for account 75 in analytical accounting is given below.

Table: analytical accounting on account 75

Full name of the founder	Balance as of 01/01/17 Rub.		Debit/credit turnover, rub.		Total Debit, rub.	Loan to debit turnover, rub.		Total Credit rub.	Balance as of 01/31/17 Rub.
	D	TO	80	date		51	date		D	TO
Aksyonov Vasily Petrovich	0	0	5000	09.01.17	5000	5000	26.01.17	5000	0	0
Babushkin Oleg Viktorovich	0	0	2000	09.01.17	2000	2000	26.01.17	2000	0	0
Semyonov Vladimir Nikolaevich	0	0	3000	09.01.17	3000	3000	26.01.17	3000	0	0
Total	0	0	10000		10000	10000		10000	0	0

How to make a checkerboard sheet

Working with a chess sheet is simple and convenient. When filled out, the sheet in question becomes like a chessboard. Account numbers are listed from top to bottom and left to right. Debits are entered in horizontal lines. Loan correspondence is entered in vertical columns. The amount is entered in the cell at the intersection of the row and column.

Turnovers are counted by rows and columns. The total debit amount is equal to the credit and is checked by the angle. The balances of the debit and credit accounts are equal at the beginning and end.

The chess sheet of Perspektiva LLC for January 2017 is presented in the table. The form to fill out is located.

Table: entries in the chess sheet

D accounts	Balance as of 01/01/17		Turnover on D from K accounts			Total	Balance as of 01/01/17
	D	TO	51	75	80	D	D	TO
51	0	0	0	10000	0	10000	10000	0
75	0	0	0	0	10000	10000	0	0
80	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	10000
Total K	0	0	0	10000	10000	20000	10000	10000

Any accountant remembers the moments when it was necessary to recalculate rows and columns so that the debit and credit totals would converge.

SALT of Perspektiva LLC for January 2017 is compiled for all accounts with total turnover. The form to fill out can be found on this page.

Table: how to fill out SALT for all accounts

How to check SALT and calculate its balance

OSV clearly shows the movement on each account. Methodological negligence is manifested in the inconsistency of balances with the type of account and the economic nature of the transaction. For example, when there is a loan balance on the active account.

Modern accounting programs allow you to generate a balance sheet automatically

How to understand the “turnaround” and find the error

Errors when posting transactions are immediately visible: if you fill out the “turnover” incorrectly, the debit and credit balances will not converge, this is what makes the incorrect statement different from the correct one. Correct preparation of the SALT requires compliance with a number of requirements.

• The balance on the active account is determined according to the algorithm: you need to add income to the initial balance and subtract expenses for the month. Calculate the final result and enter it in debit.
• The balance on the passive account is credit. It is calculated according to the algorithm: the initial credit balance is added to the credit turnover and minus the debit turnover.
• In analytical accounting there should not be negative values ​​for some positions and positive for others, so that the result is 0. All accountants need to understand this rule.
• The company's revenue, as well as the final result of its activities (profit or loss), will be formed after the closure of direct and indirect costs.
• Profit is reflected in the credit of account 99 “Profits and losses” and accumulates throughout the year.
• The debit of account 99 shows a loss.
  • On the last day of the year, you need to look at the resulting financial result and close account 99.
  • Profit is transferred to the credit of account 84 “Retained earnings”. The loss is debited to account 84 “Uncovered loss”.

The picture of the business is created by the numbers presented by SALT.

The final “turnovers” should show the manager a picture of the life of the enterprise: cash balances in the cash register and in the current account, the amount of profit, the amount of VAT and other taxes payable, etc. Further management decisions should be based on the figures and indicators of SALT. Using the SALT data, the entrepreneur receives a tool for financial control and adjustment of plans and tasks. Generalized and detailed OCB indicators are a reliable way to check the state of the enterprise and see the picture of the business.

The turnover balance sheet (turnover balance sheet) is compiled at the end of the month based on data for each synthetic account: balances at the beginning of the month (opening or opening balance), turnover for the month and balances at the end of the month (final or closing balance). The balance sheet is compiled both according to synthetic accounts and in the context of subaccounts.

The statements record all synthetic accounts used at the enterprise. Each account is assigned a separate line, which indicates the opening balance, debit and credit turnover and the ending balance. If there was no movement in the account during the reporting period, then only the opening and closing balances are indicated. To check whether the balance sheet is drawn up correctly, you should know the following rules:

The total of debit opening balances must equal the total of credit opening balances;

The total of debit turnover for the period must be equal to the total of credit turnover;

The total of debit ending balances must equal the total of ending credit balances.

The preparation of the balance sheet is based on the use of double entry. Double entry in accounting allows you to control the correctness of the reflection of business transactions. Since each amount is reflected in the debit of one account and the credit of another account, the total turnover in the debit of all accounts must be equal to the total turnover in the credit of all accounts. If there is no such equality, then this means that there are errors in the account records that need to be found and corrected. Thus, double entry is one of the methods for ensuring a constant balance sheet summary of indicators that reflect the turnover of an organization’s assets in conjunction with the sources of their formation.

Data from the balance sheet on account balances are used in the preparation of the balance sheet.

As of March 31, 2014, the trading organization has the following account balances (synthetic account numbers are indicated in brackets):

– fixed assets (01) – 500,000 rubles;

– depreciation on these fixed assets (02) – 100,000 rubles;

– goods (41) – 300,000 rubles;

– money in the cash register (50) – 20,000 rubles;

– money in the current account (51) – 115,000 rubles;

– debt to suppliers of goods (60) – 175,000 rubles;

– bank loan (66) – 300,000 rubles;

– debt to employees for wages (70) – 90,000 rubles;

– authorized capital (80) – 200,000 rubles;

– retained earnings (84) – 70,000 rubles.

Business transactions for April are recorded in the book of business transactions (Table 1).

To simplify the example, the entries are compiled in such a way that each account is involved in transactions once in debit and once in credit, except for accounts 51 and 90. Therefore, the turnover sheets, turnovers and balances from which are transferred to the turnover balance sheet, are compiled only according to these synthetic accounts (see tables 2, 3).

The balance sheet (Table 4) reflects the opening balance as of the morning of 04/01/2014 for the corresponding synthetic accounts, monthly debit and credit turnover for synthetic accounts and the ending balance as of 04/30/2014 for the indicated accounts. The ending balance is determined according to the following rules:

a) for active accounts:

beginning debit balance + debit turnover – credit turnover = ending debit balance;

b) on passive accounts:

initial credit balance – debit turnover + credit turnover = ending credit balance;

c) for active-passive accounts - the same as for active and passive accounts, depending on the type of opening balance (debit or credit) and turnover for the month.

For example, for balance sheet account 41 (active account):

The opening balance is RUB 300,000;

Final balance – 360,000 rubles. (300,000 + 170,000 – 110,000).

According to the balance sheet data, the organization's balance sheet was compiled as of April 30, 2014 by posting the ending balance from the balance sheet according to balance sheet items (Table 5).

Table 1

Book of business transactions for April 2014
	Name of operation, document
	Goods sold, invoice No. 57
	Goods received from supplier, invoice No. 21
	Partial payment for the goods has been received, payment order No. 30
	Received money from the bank, cash receipt order No. 92
	Wages were issued to employees, payroll No. 6
	Money was transferred to the supplier, payment order No. 218
	Wages accrued for April, payslip No. 4
	Distribution costs for April were written off to the cost of sales, accounting statement No. 45
	Profit for April is reflected, accounting certificate No. 46

table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Turnover balance sheet for April 2014
Balance accounts			April turnover
01 "Fixed assets"
02 “Depreciation of fixed assets”
41 "Products"
44 “Sales expenses”
50 "Cashier"
51 “Current account”
60 “Settlements with suppliers”
62 “Settlements with customers”
66 “Short-term loans and borrowings”
68 “Calculations for taxes and fees”
70 “Payroll calculations”
80 “Authorized capital”
84 “Retained earnings/uncovered loss”
90 "Sales"
99 "Profits and losses"

Table 5

Balance sheet
Fixed assets Fixed assets (residual value: 500 thousand rubles. -100 thousand rub.)		Capital and reserves Authorized capital retained earnings Profit for the reporting year
Current assets Accounts receivable Cash: On a current account		Short-term liabilities Loans and credits: Bank loan Accounts payable: By salary For taxes For suppliers
Total asset		Total liabilities

You can't learn accounting. It must be understood and implemented. And it is also necessary to constantly monitor changes in the regulatory framework in order to promptly adjust the order in which individual transactions are reflected. The result of each reporting period is the preparation of a balance sheet and balance sheet for the month, quarter, and year. All reporting is based on these documents, so every accountant should know the rules for filling out the turnover sheet. A sample SALT with step-by-step instructions for its preparation will help beginners understand them.

How a beginner can understand accounting

Not all accounting rules are regulated by regulations. Most operations are based on primary accounting documents: acts, certificates, invoices, checks, orders, etc. For primary documents, unified forms and recommended samples are provided. The form of the unified document is approved by the relevant instructions and is subject to change only in the form of entering additional details. A list of most of these forms with design examples can be found at this link.

How do unified documents differ from ordinary documents?

Ordinary documents can be modified taking into account the specifics of the enterprise or filled out in any form. Unified forms cannot be changed. This is regulated by Federal Law No. 402-FZ “On Accounting” dated 12/06/2011, which came into force on 01/01/2013, and the Government of the Russian Federation Resolution No. dated 07/08/1996. The forms of primary documents are included in the “Album of unified forms of primary documents”, agreed upon by the Ministry of Finance and approved by the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. The latest amendments to Law 402-FZ were made on May 23, 2016 on the basis of Federal Law No. 149-FZ. Changes have affected the activities of accounting departments of state organizations.

How to understand the basics of accounting

To work, all types of possible income, expenses and transactions are coded into accounts. Types of accounting accounts:

• synthetic;
• analytical (sub-accounts).

The difference between them is the degree of detail. The process of encoding accounts began back in 1968, when the first “Regulations...” was approved by letter No. 130 of the USSR Central Statistical Office. Since then, the recommendations have changed several times.

As an example, we can give an analytical accounting of office property: table, chair, wardrobe, etc. These items can be combined into the concept of furniture and passed through the corresponding subaccount in one line. A calculator, a computer - go through the analytical account, and in the sub-account they will be reflected in the “Technical means” column. Everything together will be assigned to the synthetic account “Fixed Assets”. This is article 01 according to the accounting code. The example contains very different estimated value categories, but it gives an idea of ​​the accounting structure.

What does the account number show?

The account code can contain up to seven digits. The first two digits from 01 to 99 include all possible accounting transactions. And the concept of “others” and the presence of free codes make this system universal. The first two digits make up the list of synthetic accounts as amended by Orders of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 38-n dated 05/07/2003, No. 115n dated September 18, 2006 and No. 142n dated 11/08/2010.

The same letter offers a number of subaccounts, which are coded by the third and fourth digits of the code. Sub-accounts can be detailed, and analytical accounts are completely left to the management of the company. In practice - the experience of the chief accountant. The process of forming a range of codes for an enterprise according to the conditions of its activity is a common task for accounting students.

Drawing up balance sheets and posting transactions

The first job that a novice accountant learns is posting transactions and agreements carried out by the company. It is carried out by double entry, in which a debit for one item will necessarily be a credit for another. For example, withdrawing money from a current account and transferring it to the cash desk of an enterprise for the payment of wages to employees is carried out according to section 5: article 51 - current account (credit for the amount withdrawn), 50 - cash register (debit for the same amount). In this way, all transactions are reflected in accounting.

As a result, for any period, the amount of the entire debit must equal the entire credit. This is balance - the ultimate goal of an accountant in a specific period of time. It cannot be otherwise, because money does not just appear and disappear without a trace. But between posting and balance there is a very important intermediate operation - compiling SALT.

What do the turnover and balance sheets look like?

The beauty of the operation is that the term “turnover balance sheet” does not exist in nature, but all accountants know about it. More precisely, the term appeared in legislative acts and instructions sometime before 1990, after which it was lost. In the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2001 No. 119n, two concepts are used: the turnover sheet and the balance sheet, the difference between which lies in recording the receipt and consumption of goods and materials.

In practice, tax authorities, referring to orders No. ММВ -7–6/465 dated June 29, 2012 (as amended on November 28, 2016) and the Federal Tax Service No. ММВ-7 – 6/643 dated November 28, 2016, often, along with primary accounting documents, require exactly turnover balance sheets (SAS), the structure of which is established and has adopted generally accepted formats.

What does OSV show?

The balance sheet should be understood as an accounting document (in the form of a table) that contains the balances of funds and assets in monetary terms. Debit - credit movement item by item, for a certain period and balances at the end of the period of time (usually a month, quarter, year). The balance sheet forms the balance sheet and checks the posting of accounts for errors. SALT can be compiled both for analytical accounts (for one specific account) and for the enterprise as a whole (for synthetic accounts).

Sample balance sheet for a specific account

SALT on a separate accounting account allows you to see the movement of funds or property according to individual items of costs or income. And also in it you can see the beginning and ending balance of the account as a whole and each item separately.

How to fill out SALT for an enterprise: example

The main and only requirement is a zero balance at the end of the reporting period. This means that the difference between the debit of all accounts and the credit of all accounts must be zero.

Accounting has two tasks - to maintain records in accordance with the requirements of regulatory authorities and to provide adequate financial information to company managers. Accordingly, the accepted SALT form must contain the volume of data and such detail on accounts that will satisfy everyone.

Until recently, the SALT form was developed by the accounting department and approved by the head of the company, but in recent years the “turnover” obtained in printed form from the 1C program has been generally accepted. Samples of all forms and forms of the turnover sheet can be found on official and verified websites.

Analytical and synthetic accounting: filling out the “chessboard”

Some accountants prefer the so-called checkerboard sheet to the turnover sheet. This is a type of OSV, which differs in the form of filling. All credit accounts are drawn vertically, and debit accounts horizontally. Transaction amounts are indicated at the intersection of rows and columns.

The goal of "chess" is the same as that of a regular OSV. This structure allows you to analyze the income and expense parts of the balance sheet and determine the tax base for any period of time. An example of determining the corresponding account for any of the transactions is given below.

Sometimes drawing up a balance sheet is preceded by filling out an account card (the so-called drawing of airplanes). For each account, debits and credits are calculated. It looks like the wings of an airplane: debit on the left, credit on the right. In theory, such a drawing makes it easier to fill out the OSV and find errors. In practice, you do not need to fill out account cards to perform the transaction. Experienced accountants always skip the “airplane” stage.

How to analyze OCB

Analysis of the balance sheet is quite simple: all items are indicated in the decoding of the codes. You just need to close all possible accounts as much as possible at the end of the analyzed period. For example, a large balance in account 10 “Materials” indicates an overstocking of raw materials (or accounting shortcomings). The balance is always assessed on an accrual basis.

Where to see the company's revenue

Receipt of revenue and write-off of the cost of products (works, services) are carried out in accounts 90.01 and 90.02. Companies on the general taxation system charge VAT on their products on account 90.03. And also management expenses are reflected in account 90.08. By analyzing these accounts, the company's profit before taxes can be determined.

VAT accounting procedure

It is important for any manager not to forget to monitor the turnover in accounts 50 and 51, which reflect the movement of cash and non-cash funds. A tax specialist should regularly monitor the balances of accounts 19 and 68, which account for tax calculations, in particular VAT.

How to calculate profit and loss for SALT

To calculate profits and losses in the balance sheet, account 99 is provided, to which sub-accounts are opened that detail the calculations. The manager should remember that the debit balance on account 99 means the company’s final loss, and the credit balance means net profit.

There are many accounting programs that only require posting transactions. The correctness of accounting is tracked automatically, which is very convenient, especially for novice accountants. As a rule, these programs are linked to primary documents and contracts and are based on Excel. The most popular program is 1C.

If you keep records in the 1C program, then work becomes easy and interesting. Post transactions across accounts, and the program will create the balance for you. You just need to read it correctly, find random errors and correct them in a timely manner. In addition, there are a lot of additional features that are recommended to be used not only by accountants, but also by managers for maintaining management accounting.

Conducting non-cash settlements with suppliers and customers today occupies one of the highest priorities in the accounting process of any enterprise or organization. In order to reflect general information about non-cash transactions, the company uses accounting on account 51. Let’s try to understand in more detail what features this procedure has, what nuances arise when using it, and so on.

general information

Absolutely every enterprise, in the course of its work, most often operates with cash and non-cash financial resources. In the event that a cash register is used to keep track of cash, then for the process of accounting for non-cash money, 51 accounting accounts must be used.

Most often, cash is used in the process of making cash payments by individuals. If we are talking about the need for payment to be made by a legal entity, then you need to use a non-cash payment method.

It should be noted that for this purpose, an enterprise has the opportunity to choose for itself the banking organization that best suits its requirements and, accordingly, opens a cash account with it.

It should be said that the process of accounting for the sale and acquisition of currency is quite complex and must be considered separately from this issue.

Here we will try to figure out how is accounting carried out financial resources, what features this process has, what primary documents need to be drawn up, as well as accompanying financial transactions to perform.

An open bank account that is associated with the organization’s activities may receive funds from other persons. These include:

1. Payment for the purchase of goods.
2. Payment made by a credit institution.
3. Transfer of an individual.

In this matter, the recipient is the organization to whose account the funds are credited.

Using non-cash funds, the organization can make payments to suppliers of goods, services, materials, as well as. In addition, taxes, fees and charges are paid from it. It is also possible to cash out funds based on traveler's checks for wage payments, employee reporting amounts, and so on. In this matter, the organization can act as a tax payer.

The primary document on the basis of which funds will be written off from the current account is.

Performing accounting in accounting department

The plan provides for an account used to record actions related to the transfer or crediting of funds by non-cash method. It is worth saying that receipts can be reflected by debit. If we talk about a loan, then this means writing off financial assets.

Note that accounting account 51 is active. If you analyze it, you will notice that it keeps records of all the existing assets of the enterprise. In turn, the loan may show a decrease in an asset or, in other words, a decrease in financial resources.

Receipt and withdrawal of money is a business transaction. For each of these, postings must be created. To create a transaction, you must determine the presence of two accounting-type accounts that take part in this action. In addition, you need to add the same amount of money both to the table where the debit information is located and to the table with the credit.

Nuances of crediting funds

In the process of crediting funds, you need to add them to the debit table. It is worth saying that in this case it should act as a corresponding account. In turn, the deposited amount is added to the loan.

Separately, you should talk about the write-off procedure. In this case, the received money must be added to the loan. These include correspondent type accounts, in the debit of which money is deposited. Here they depend on the purpose of the payment. Let's try to understand the most common transactions related to the write-off of non-cash funds.

Postings for accounting for non-cash funds in accounting must be made on the basis of a document that was taken from a banking organization. This document must reflect all receipts, as well as write-offs.

How to conduct

This type of account was created specifically to record, analyze and control information about the funds that the company has. It should be used to display information about the amount of funds in the national currency - Russian rubles.

Documents of various types can serve as the main evidence of available financial resources. For example, these may include statements from banking organizations or.

Speaking about the reports that are necessary to analyze this account, these include:

1. Turnover balance sheet.
2. Cards related to the account.
3. Account analysis.

Documentation process

Absolutely all payments and receipts of funds must be entered into the cash book. Maintenance in this case is mandatory for organizations. Entries in cash books are made through the use of primary documents, which represent incoming and outgoing cash orders.

The process of posting funds to the cash desk must be carried out by issuing cash receipt orders. In turn, write-off occurs using cash orders in form No. KO-2.

All actions that are carried out must be provided through the use of cash registers. At the same time, there are certain exceptions in this matter that relate to certain types of activities for which forms with strict reporting can be used. Each organization must set a cash balance limit.

Thus, cash funds that may remain in the cash register until the end of the working day, as well as profits that exceed the established limit, must be transferred to a bank account after the end of work. It should be noted that the conduct of cash transactions must be regulated by certain regulatory documents, which are studied to obtain competent cash accounting and correct cash management.

Conclusion

In general, there are no difficulties in maintaining 51 accounting accounts. However, this issue has its own nuances and difficulties. That is why, often, people who are faced with this issue for the first time have certain difficulties. It is worth saying that in order to avoid difficulties, it is recommended to hire a specialist who is competent in this matter and knows the basic nuances of drawing up 51 invoices.

Such a specialist will be able to easily maintain accounting records of non-cash funds. If we are talking about a small organization, then it is advisable to hire a specialist from a third-party company that provides services of this type. Based on the contract concluded with the company, the specialist will periodically perform accounting activities.

If necessary, he will also be able to provide advice to the organization's managers on issues of interest to them related to accounting.

Please note that it is extremely important to maintain account 51 correctly, since otherwise, during tax audits or submitting reports to the tax office, competent department employees may have certain questions. Thus, the management of the organization will have to solve the problem in a short time and sometimes with the need to pay fines.

That is why, in order to prevent such problems from arising, it is recommended as responsibly as possible relates to the work of the accounting department and coordinates their actions, including in the matter of accounting.

Postings and examples for this account are presented below.

Why is it necessary to fill out a balance sheet? This question worries many ordinary people and officials who are entrusted with such a responsibility.

Despite the fact that the requirements for preparing the paper are not fixed in the current legislation, companies systematically complete it. The fact is that SALT allows you to obtain an objective assessment of the current financial situation in the company at any time. You don't have to wait for reporting to receive information.

Dear readers! The article talks about typical ways to resolve legal issues, but each case is individual. If you want to know how solve exactly your problem- contact a consultant:

APPLICATIONS AND CALLS ARE ACCEPTED 24/7 and 7 days a week.

It's fast and FOR FREE!

Drawing up a balance sheet requires specific knowledge. The manipulation is not difficult, however, during its implementation, maximum care must be taken.

The presence of an error will require a recalculation of the data. The advantage of the statement is the possibility of verification. By checking the final data, the official responsible for drawing up the SALT will be able to immediately verify the correctness of the paper or the presence of inaccuracies.

Today there are several types of paper. They are similar, but have a number of significant differences that you need to familiarize yourself with in advance.

The company has the right to independently develop a statement form or use a ready-made sample. Having chosen the first option, you need to remember the need to include mandatory data in the paper. An analysis of current information on the topic will help identify their list.

Concept Overview

A balance sheet is a document that reflects the state of current accounts at the beginning of a certain period. In addition, the paper records the amount of funds remaining in the account at the end of the period, the amount of income and expenses.

The following types of document are distinguished:

• monthly;
• quarterly;
• annual.

The balance sheet is one of the main accounting documents. The paper reflects all the actions that were performed with the company’s funds for a certain period. The statement cannot be compiled arbitrarily.

To perform the manipulation, all-Russian accounting provisions are applied. In addition, the accounting policies that are followed in the company or region are taken into account.

The balance sheet is created at the time of company registration. During that period, it is considered zero - there are no recorded account turnovers in the document.

When drawing up a document, you need to take into account the following features:

• when an enterprise is registered, the amount of its authorized capital is reflected in 2 documents - the debit of account 75 and the credit of account 80;
• the company's authorized capital consists of money, fixed assets, goods and materials;
• funds that are reflected in the statement are recorded according to the list of categories;
• Due to the fact that completed transactions are reflected in both debit and credit, any discrepancy in the data indicates an error.

The statement is the basis for entering data into a whole list of tax documents. The annual financial report is completed on paper.

Who regulates it?

If we turn to the current legislation, it turns out that the term “turnover balance sheet” is not fixed in the regulations. This means that the paper is actually used unofficially. In fact, the document is widely distributed. The use of the statement is indirectly based on the provisions of Article 10 of Federal Law No. 402.

The regulatory legal act provides that:

• data that is recorded in primary documents must be registered and accumulated in accounting registers;
• the structure of the register must contain a grouping of accounting objects and the amount of monetary change in each of them;
• register forms for private economic entities are approved by the state, and for those that belong to the country - by budgetary regulations.

It must be remembered that the balance sheet is a primary document. It is used as a . This feature is associated with the legal tradition that arose during the USSR. In addition, on December 28, 2001, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation issued Order No. 119n. The document approved methodological guidelines that related to the accounting of inventories of Russian companies.

If you read the order, it turns out that the turnover sheet is a document intended to record income and expenses. In addition, it reflects the relationship of expenses with the movement of materials and goods in the warehouse and contains balances at the beginning and end of the reporting period.

The balance sheet is very similar to the reverse sheet. However, the first paper does not reflect the consumption and receipt of goods and materials. Due to the presence of such definitions of legal acts and the practice of accounting exchange, balance sheets have become widespread.

The Federal Tax Service often requests them to conduct inspections. So, if you turn to the text of the order of the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation No. ММВ-7-15/184, it turns out that the regulations must stipulate the taxpayer’s obligation to provide a balance sheet for monitoring.

Central moments

Features of compilation

To create a turnover sheet, you can use a blank Word form. To do this, you will need to download it for free on the Internet.

There are several types of statements:

• according to analytical account;
• according to synthetic account;
• chess.

The statement can be drawn up only after the account entries have been made.

When the data preparation is completed, you can proceed to filling out the table.

It consists of 2 columns:

• Account number;
• account name;
• balance at the beginning of the month;
• turnover for this month;
• balance at the end of this month.

The last three columns are divided into 2 more columns - debit and credit. In the first column you must enter the account numbers that are used, and in the second - their names. Then the data is entered into the third column. Below you need to immediately calculate the amount of entered data.

The last 2 columns are filled in the same way. The result needs to be verified. To do this, you need to add up the data from all columns. If the document was drawn up correctly, the debit and credit results in each column will match in pairs.

Requirements for chess content

The chess sheet is a type of synthetic sheet. However, unlike the last paper, the “checkerboard” data is entered using the transaction journal, and not according to accounting accounts. To compose a chess OSV in 2019, you need to follow certain rules.

The document differs from the classic one in appearance. It consists of horizontal columns in which loan account numbers are entered. There are also vertical columns intended for placing a debit account.

To fill out the document, you must carefully list the account numbers. It is important not to skip data. Next, at the intersection of the columns, you need to post the amounts that correspond to the subaccount numbers. If problems arise with the manipulation, you can use a ready-made example.

The number of horizontal and vertical columns is not limited. It must correspond to the total number of accounts. When the sheet is completed, you need to calculate the results horizontally and vertically. In this case, the final numbers must coincide.

If the results differ horizontally and vertically, an error was made when filling out the document. The completed table will have to be checked completely. Only then will it be possible to generate a balance sheet.

Types and method

Highlight:

According to synthetic accounts	The document contains the balance at the beginning of the period and data on account turnover. By making calculations, the accountant can determine the balance at the end of the period. When compiling a statement, it is important to make sure that the manipulation is carried out correctly. If all steps are performed correctly, you will get 3 equalities - the balance of credits and debits, the turnover of credits and debits, the value of liabilities and assets at the end of the period. If there is a discrepancy even by 1 digit, an error has been made. To identify it, you will have to carry out all the calculations again.
According to analytical account	Data is entered into the document according to account nomenclature, quantitative indicators and categories. The statement reflects the ongoing movement within the account. There is no equality of turns. The account itself can be either credit or debit.
Chess	The document is an advanced synthetic statement. It is filled in based on the transaction log. The document is considered completed correctly if equality of indicators is maintained.

Varieties of documents can be compiled over a year or a shorter period.

Where can I download it?

The form and sample filling can be downloaded on the Internet. Guided by the ready-made material, the accountant will simplify the procedure for preparing the document and minimize the likelihood of making mistakes. The paper form can be downloaded in World or Excel. However, experts recommend filling out the paper in the 1C 8.3 program. Using specialized software will speed up data entry and calculation.

Design rules

There is no form of document that would be mandatory for use everywhere. For this reason, the accountant has the right to draw up the SALT in free form or based on certain templates. Some companies independently develop statement forms, guided by their needs.

However, when drawing up a document, you must follow a number of rules. It should be remembered that the balance sheet is a structured table containing information about economic and financial transactions and various transfers.

For this reason, the document must contain the following information:

• Company name;
• the title of the document itself;
• the period for which the paper is prepared;
• account numbers;
• net profit, expenses and other specific amounts with which transactions are carried out;
• the name of the persons who are responsible for compiling the statement;
• signatures of responsible officials.

An accounting document is drawn up on paper or electronically. If the company uses the second option, the statement must be signed with an electronic signature.

If corrections are made to the document, the dates of the corrections must be included. In addition, it is necessary to indicate the surnames, initials and other details of the persons responsible for the manipulation. Changes must be confirmed by their signatures. Similar requirements are contained in Article 10 of the Law “On Accounting”.

Accounting ledger example

SALT is compiled at the end of each month based on data for each synthetic account. All of them are reflected in the document. A separate line is used to record each account.

It states:

• opening balance;
• loan turnover;
• debit turnover;
• ending balance.

In practice, movements of funds in a particular month do not always occur. However, the statement in this situation must still be filled out. Instead of the usual set of data, it reflects only the opening and closing balances.

The document must be filled out without errors. The accountant who prepared the statement must check it.

When carrying out manipulation, you must be guided by the following rules:

• the result of calculating initial debit balances must coincide with the result of determining similar credit balances;
• the result of debit turnover must be equal to credit;
• the result of determining the final balances must coincide with the final credit balance.

The preparation of the paper is based on the use of dual notation. Manipulation allows you to control the correctness of recording business transactions. If there is no equality, an error has been made. The calculations must be done again.

How to check the balance sheet

The check is carried out after the completion of the statement. The totals of balances and turnover for credit and debit must match. It should be remembered that the balances at the end and beginning of the year must be identical.

The formation of a negative or credit balance must be excluded. At the beginning and end of the reporting year, the indicator should not be on accounts 90,91 and 99.

For interconnected accounts, balances and turnovers must correspond. In addition, it is necessary to ensure that the indicators are logical. To perform the check, you need to make a calculation that will confirm the correctness of the data entered.

To avoid mistakes, you must carefully study clause 34 of PBU 4/99. It says that offsetting items of liabilities and assets in the financial statements is prohibited.

However, there are exceptions to the rule. These can be found by reviewing the relevant accounting provisions. The statement is considered completed correctly only if all the rules are followed and the final data agrees.

Synthetic and analytical accounting

Accounts that are intended for a generalized reflection of economic assets and their sources are considered synthetic. This type is used to account for company funds in a single monetary value.

Written recording of a completed transaction is called synthetic accounting. The category includes all accounts that belong to the assets and liabilities of the balance sheet, and are also reflected in the chart of accounts.

Synthetic accounting is used:

• to fill out reports,
• to fill the balance,
• analysis of the financial and economic activities of the company.

To control the safety of valuables, you need to know not only their total value, but also other data necessary for identification. If a company has accumulated debt, along with finding out its total volume, it is necessary to determine the reason for its occurrence.

To perform manipulations of this kind, analytical accounts are used. They allow you to clarify and control the data of synthetic accounts.

Analytical accounts allow you to keep records in both physical and monetary terms. They open in addition to synthetic ones. Recording transactions with category accounts is called analytical accounting. Its implementation is necessary to control and ensure the safety of inventory items.

Carrying out analysis

Analysis of the data contained in the statement allows you to detect errors in accounting information.

When conducting an inspection, you must be guided by the following criteria:

• the active account has only a debit balance;
• passive - only on credit;
• accounts 90.91 should not have a balance at the end of the year;
• accounts 25, 26 do not have a balance at the end of the month.

When studying the completed document, you need to eliminate errors. If inaccuracies are identified, the correctness of the transfer of analytical accounting data for each synthetic account is checked.

Attention!

• Due to frequent changes in legislation, information sometimes becomes outdated faster than we can update it on the website.
• All cases are very individual and depend on many factors. Basic information does not guarantee a solution to your specific problems.

That's why FREE expert consultants work for you around the clock!